Wireless Fidelity

WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity. WiFi is a wireless work tekologi that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to transmit data. Frequency used by WiFi technology is at 2.3 GHz spectrum. By using WiFi, you can access the Internet quickly. WiFi has the ability to access the internet up to 11 Mbps or five times faster than the Internet access using 3G. Because the use of wireless, Wi-Fi technology utilized on a suitable location or runagan always be changed zoom. So that we can be the connected computer to the Internet using Wi-Fi, our computer must be equipped with a WiFi card or have support WiFi technology. Then we we are at locations where available WiFi signal or hotspot is often referred to as points or dots. Nowadays there are plenty of public places that has been providing services access internet connection using WiFi.
There are three components contained in a hotspot location, among others, is as follows:
1 Access Point (Access Point) is a device that connects to an Ethernet LAN Wireless technologies contained in the computer. The access point has to serve users as much as 128 people. The area can be reached by an access point to reach 25-100 meters.
2 Access Controller (access control) is a device that serves as a means of authentication, check whether a user is a person who has the right or permission to access.
3 Internet Link is a device that connects to the internet hotspot locations. Internet links have the ability to speed up internet connection of 512 kbps. Connection capability is used to serve all the users in one location.
The downside of internet access with WiFi access is only done at Dapa derah points as far as 100 meters from the point. And to date, only certain places are already installed point point. Certain places are usually a campus, hotels, cafes, airports, and other public places. Nowadays there are a lot of malls, cafes, hotels that provide internet access using WiFi for free. This is then used by many people for accessing the internet while hanging out with friends. Another drawback with internet access via WiFi is the issue of data security. Although the encrypted (encoded), the data submitted by over a data network easily penetrated.
wireless Broadband
Wi-Fi technology allows us to access the Internet at high speed. However, the condition we need to be in areas accessible WiFi signal. Limited area with WiFi signal and distance range of a WiFi signal is very short (about 100m) cause we can only use WiFi in certain areas only. Currently a new wireless technology being developed is called the Wireless Broadband (WiBro). However, this technology is still in the development stage and only used in a few countries and has not been marketed in Indonesia. Compared with WiFi, WiBro can be accessed from a distance of 1 kilometer from the point of access points with speed of 512 kbps. WiBro access can still be done from a moving vehicle at speeds up to 60 km / h.
3G 3G services can be obtained via the GSM and CDMA operators. In the GSM operators, 3G using WCDMA technology. The technologies of an evolution of GSM technology which then developed into GPRS. Later developed into GPRS EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) and WCDMA eventually become (3). While the CMA operator, 3G using EDV technology (Evolution Data Optimized). Technology is an evolution of the IS95 20001X (2.5G) developed into CDMA20001X EVDO (3G) and then became CDMA20001X EVDV (3G). The advantages of internet access using 3G, other than wide bandwidth, can also be supported with HSDPA (High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access). The technology allows Internet access at 2.6 Mbps or 40 times faster than Internet access by dial-up. The downside of the 3G technology is that we can only use limited to local outreach service provider. Far is the reach of 3G services is still very limited. 3G service operators, such as Indosat, Telkomsel and XL could bring new services in major cities in Indonesia alone and still dominated in Java. The 3G service operators still have to think twice to develop the service to other areas of its potentially small, because the investment costs incurred to build a huge infrastructure. This means derah other areas will still be a long reach by 3G services.        The other drawback if you want to use the internet to access 3G services is the device used. If we want to access the internet using 3G services, we must have a cell phone equipped with 3G technology. whereas, a 3G mobile phone technology is still expensive. 3G network is not an upgrade from 2G; 2G operators affiliated with 3GPP need to replace a lot of components to be able to provide 3G services. While 2G operators affiliated with 3GPP2 technologies easier to upgrade to 3G because of its wide range of network elements in the direction it was designed for broadband wireless services (wireless broadband).

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General Packet Radio Sevice

GPRS (General Packet Radio Sevice) is teknilogi sending data in packets by utilizing radio waves. GPRS is a wireless communication technology two and a half generation (2.5G) which is the development of technologies of GSM (2G). As wireless technology, we can utilize GPRS for accessing the internet anywhere as long as we are within range of a GPRS signal The need for mobile communication industry will lead into ne of the eknologi GPRS data communication is widely used this sat. GPRS has elajuan fast data transfer, which can reach 115kbps. Although in practice, the speed of GPRS data transfer is still in the 25-30 kbps.
In theory, GPRS promises speeds ranging from 56 kbps to 115 kbps, allowing internet access, multimedia data delivery to computers, notebooks and handheld computers.
However, in its implementation, it depends on the following factors:
• Configuration and allocation of time slots at the level of BTS
• Software used
• Support mobile phone features and applications that are used
Main Components
The main components of the GPRS network is:
• GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): gateway GPRS network link to the Internet. The function of this component is the interface to the PDN (Public Data Network), information routing, network screening, screening user, address mapping.
• SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): BSS network connecting gate / BTS to the GPRS network. This component serves to deliver data packets to the MS, HLR updates to customers, new customer registration.
• PCU: BSS-level component that connects the terminal to the GPRS network
How it Works
SGSN in charge:
1 Send the packet to the Mobile Station (MS) in the area
2 Sending a number of questions to the HLR to obtain customer data profile (GPRS mobility management)
3 Detecting new MS-GPRS service in an area under their responsibility (location management)
4. SGSN is connected to the GSM BSS with Frame Relay connections through the PCU (Packet Control Unit) in the BSC
GGSN charge:
1 As an interface to external IP networks such as the public Internet or a mobile service provider
2 Updating the routing information from the PDU (Protocol Data Units) to the SGSN.
GPRS uses packet switch communication system as a way to transmit data. Packet switch is a system in which the data to be transmitted is divided into small parts (packets) transmitted and then the data is converted back to the original. The system can transmit thousands and even millions of packets per second. Transmission is done via (Public Land Mobile Network) by using an IP backbone. Because it allows for the use of the transmission channel PLMN simultaneously by other users, the cost of access to GPRS, in theory, cheaper than the cost of access to the CSD. GPRS is designed to provide the data packet transfer services on GSM networks at speeds better than GSM. Better speed is obtained by using a coding scheme (CS) which is different from GSM.

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ADSL technology

A. Understanding the Internet
Internet comes from the Interconnected-networking that has meaning relationships with various types of computers that form a network system that covers the entire world (global computer network) by means of telecommunications such as telephone lines, radio links, satellite and others. In a set of computer network integration and communication protocol used is TCP / IP. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is tasked to ensure that all links are working properly, while the IP (Internet Protocol) which transmits data from one computer to lain.TP C / IP in general functions of data transmission choose the best route, an alternate route if a route can not be in use, manage and transmit the data packets delivery. To be able to come and use the facilities of the Internet, you usually have to subscribe to one of the SP (Internet Service Provider) that exist in your city. By utilizing the Internet, the use of computers across the world it is possible to communicate with each other and sharing information with each other how to send e-mail, connect to other computers, send and receive files, discuss a particular topic on the newsgroup and others.
B. Definition of intranet
An intranet is a private network (private network) that uses the Internet protocols (TCP / IP), to share confidential company information or operations of the company to its employees. Sometimes, the term intranet refers only to services that look, the company's internal Web site. To build an intranet, then a network must have some components that build the Internet, the Internet Protocol (TCP / IP, IP addresses, and other protocols), the client and the server. HTTP protocol and several other Internet protocols (FTP, POP3, or SMTP) protocol is generally a component that is often used. Generally, an intranet can be understood as a "private version of the Internet network", or as a version of the Internet that are owned by an organization.
INTERNET AND COMPUTER
The Internet is a very large computer networks. In order to connect to the network (the Internet), a computer requires hardware (hardware) additional. Once the hardware is met, our computer can be connected to the internet.
1 Computer Network (LAN)
Accessing the Internet using a local computer network is the computer connects to the internet via a local network server connected to the internet. Connecting internet via LAN were commonly done in many companies, laboratories, schools, Internet cafes, and so on. In order to access the internet via LAN, we use a computer should be connected in the network. To be able to connect the computer networks we must have a network card (LAN card). Gain access the internet via LAN is the cost for a cheaper internet access. This is due to the cost of computer access shared some fatherly. That is why the cost we spend for accessing the Internet from Internet cafes cheaper than the cost of access from home using telephone wires. The downside of internet access via LAN is if you're doing a lot access, access will be slow, especially if there is limited bandwidth.
Direct Telephone Line
Connecting a computer to the internet using the home phone line (dial-up) is the easiest way to access the internet. However, to do it we have to have a modem installed in a computer, phone line, and has signed up on a particular ISP. When we use the services of internet connection via dial-up, in addition to pay a subscription fee to an ISP, we also have to pay the cost of your telephone that we use every time we access the internet. Currently Telkom has been providing Internet access service called Instant TELKOMNet. These services allow us direct access to the internet without having to register first. Instant telkomnet using access number 080989999 with the user ID "telkomnet instant" and the password "telecom". These services can be used throughout Indonesia with the local telephone toll payment. When we use this service, internet access payments made ​​will be charged to our phone payment each month. Access speeds by using a dial-up can reach 56 kbps. However, it is usually less than the maximum speed, especially if used telephone network is busy. Currently, some ISPs support dial-up service them with the data compression technology. The technology works by compressing data to be transmitted on the telephone line and then on the receiving side the data is returned (uncompress) again. This makes the data that must be passed in the telephone network becomes smaller, so that the data transmission becomes faster. Such technology can increase the data transfer speed to 4-5 times faster. The advantages of using the internet connection is dial-up network wide. Provided the phone is mounted, we can use this access. While the lack of dial-up access is still relatively expensive price, speed of access which is unstable and highly dependent on the load on the network telephone conversations, and mobility access requires that we remain on or place.

INTERNET AND COMPUTER
ADSL technology
Tenologi ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) allows telephone lines are used to skip high kecpatan premises digital signal to transmit the data. This allows us are accessing the internet at high speed. Over telephone lines. ADSL technology provides advantages kapada Internet provider and also the customer. Service providers no longer need to build infrastructure to support ADSL service Bary. Customers certainly do not need to pay for the new infrastructure. Provided that no phone lines, ADSL services can be used. Connection to the Internet by using ADSL technology allows us to download data from the Internet more quickly and efficiently. ADSL is capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 2Mbps to users within 5 miles from the telephone exchange. Kelebhan other than a dialup connection, the connection to the internet will not be disturbed even though no incoming or outgoing call. Vice versa, the phone can still be entered even if the channel is being used for the Internet. In other words, we can still use the internet while using the phone simultaneously. This can not be done with dial-up connection.
In addition, the use of ADSL technology advantages are:
1 You can connect to the internet, and can still use the phone to receive / call.
2 speed is much higher than a regular modem.
3 Do not need a new phone cable, ADSL allows using existing telephone wiring.
4 Some ADSL ISP will provide ADSL modem as part of the installation.
The disadvantage of the technology is ADSL modem price is relatively more expensive compared to a modem for dial-up. In addition, the subscription price of the ADSL connection is still relatively expensive when it is used only for individuals. ADSL service is also not available in all regions, in addition, there are also other drawbacks are:
losses ADSL
1 ADSL connection will work perfectly if our location is quite close to the telephone exchange.      At least within 2-3 km stretch of cable is usually quite safe to use ADSL to      speeds around 8 Mbps. New DSL technology that can transmit data at speeds very      height of up to 100 Mbps. Of course, for a very short distance.
2 ADSL connection is faster for receiving data than sending data over the internet.
3. old copper cable can degrade the quality of the connection and lower the speed.
4. no ADSL service area which no telephone wires.      To be able to use ADSL, we have to provide an ADSL modem and is also listed as      ISPs that provide customer connection services using ADSL technology.
Cable TV Network
Some cable TV companies also provide Internet access through cable TV networks. Internet access using cable TV network is the right choice for internet users within a family, where people can access the internet and keeping together. Cable TV networks were made for data communication lines wide. This is because the TV cable must pass data moving pictures and sound with high quality. If the internet is used for the size of the data that is passed only much smaller, we will get a very fast internet access. Typically, costs incurred for Internet access with cable TV service is bundled with cable TV. Therefore, the cable TV network users surf freely without having to add the cost of expenses. Excess use your network to access the Internet with cable TV is that we can access the internet at any time and free of distractions busy phone. The downside of intrnet access with cable TV network is only available in major cities and even then limited in certain areas are accessible by cable TV service.

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Base Transceiver Station

1 Definition of BTS
BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station. This includes new terminology and became popular in the current era of mobile boom. BTS serves to bridge the communication device users with the network to other networks. One beam coverage base stations can be called a Cell. Modern cellular communication is communication that supports high mobility. Of some BTS then controlled by the Base Station Controller (BSC) which is connected to a microwave or fiber optic connections. Though the term BTS can be applied to any wireless communication standard, usually and commonly associated with mobile communication technologies such as GSM and CDMA. In this case, the base stations are part of the base station subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also have equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filter), etc. The antenna can also be considered as components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Usually BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of BTS sectorised). A BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base station control function (BCF). BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides operations and maintenance (O & M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless technology.

2 Topology BTS
Base stations and mobile phones are equally called transceiver (BTS extension = Base Transceiver Station) because it is equally able to send information and receive information. At the time of sending information to mobile phone base stations, at the same phone can also send information to the base stations together properly when we chatted by phone we can talk simultaneously. In topology BTS serves to provide the network (interfaces) in the form of electromagnetic waves of radio signals for users in this case is the mobile phone, modem, fax, etc.. Frequency allocation has been followed by the government to each operator, there are in bands 450Mhz, 800Mhz, 900MHz, 1800 MHz and above that frequency. Communication from the BTS to the user is called the downlink, while the frequency bands that are used to send information from the user to the called BTS uplink
There are causes which made ​​downlink frequency is higher than the uplink frequency, this corresponds to the power problem that must be provided by the user in this case is the mobile phone battery. In science the higher frequency of the disturbance (noise) will be greater, so that a greater power is required so that the quality is guaranteed. If the uplink frequency using a high-frequency mobile phone battery then the consequences could be more wasteful and quickly exhausted. The farther BTS mobile phone users to also affect the power requirement distance relationship is inversely proportional to the quality of the signal, the closer the distance the better the quality. Conversely the further distance diminishing its quality. The effect is what? if the quality of the signal received by the mobile phone base stations are declining, mobile phone base stations will be instructed to increase the transmission power, of course, would quickly run out of battery usage.
3 Component BTS
1) Tower Tower is a tower made of iron or pipe circuit either rectangular or triangular, or just a long pipe (stick), which aims to put the antenna and the radio wave transmitters and receivers of telecommunications and information. Tower BTS (Base Transceiver System) as a means of communication and informatics, in contrast with the tower SUTET (Air Line Extra High Voltage) Electric PLN in terms of construction, as well as the risk borne by the population below. BTS tower communication and informatics has a high degree of safety to humans and the creatures living on the bottom, because it has a very small radiation so it is safe for people under or around it.

Tower type this type are generally 3 types,
1) Tower with 4 legs, or large tower pipe (pipe diameter of 30 cm and above)
Tower with 4 legs is very rarely found collapsed, because it has the power poles and has considered construction. This type is expensive (650 million to 1 billion dollars), but strong and able to accommodate a lot of antenna and radio. Tower type is widely used by business firms bona fide communication and informatics. (Indosat, Telkom, XL, etc.).
2) Tower triangle which affirmed the stake rope.
Tower Triangle is advisable to wear an iron with a diameter of 2 cm and over. Several occurrences of this type of tower collapse due to wear iron with a diameter below 2 cm. The maximum height of tower type recommended is 60 meters. The average height is 40 meters. This type of tower composed of several stages (pieces). 1 stage there were 4 meters, but there are 5 meters. The shorter the stage the more sturdy, but the higher cost of manufacture, because each stage requires a rope stakes / spanner. Distance peg spanner with a tower of at least 8 meters. The longer the better, because it binds more robust, so that the amplifier cords are not more tapered at the top of the tower.
3) The iron pipe is reinforced with rope stake
The third type of tower is more likely to be used personally. Height of tower pipe is strongly recommended not to exceed 20 meters (more than it would be curved). Technical gains with a spanner. The strength of the pipe was resting on the spanner. Although still able to receive the signal connection, but the tower is not the type of receiver signal direkomedasi for informatics (internet and intranet) are stable, because the type is easily swayed and would disrupt the system data connections, so the computer will search for continuous data (searching). This tower can be built in the area close to the center of the transmission / NOC = Network Operation Systems (maximum 2 km), and do not have strong winds, as well as actually projected in the framework of emergency expenses. From the facts that appear in the various regions, where Tower has resistance / repulsion of the people, which caused health issues (radiation, anemia, etc.), safety issues to issues of social equity. It should need to be disseminated to the public that the first concern (health threats) is not proven. Verge much radiation tolerance limits set by WHO. Lowest BTS tower (40 meters) has a radiation 1 watt / m 2 (for aircraft with a frequency of 800 MHz) s / d 2 watts / m 2 (for aircraft 1800 MHz). While the standards issued by the WHO maximum tolerable radiation is 4.5 (800 MHz) s / d 9 watts / m 2 (1800 MHz). While the radiation from radio informatics / internet (2.4 GHz) is only about 3 watts / m 2 alone. Still very far from the WHO threshold of 9 watts / m 2. This radiation is weaker when the tower higher. Average cell tower built in Indonesia has a height of 70 meters. Thus the radiation is much smaller. As to the issue of life-threatening (eg, the collapse of the tower), can be overcome by the application of standard materials, and proper construction, and maintenance pewajiban each year. Components in the tower base stations:
Sectoral Antenna
The antenna is defined as a structure that serves as a release of electromagnetic wave energy in the air and also as a receiver / catcher electromagnetic wave energy in the air. Because an intermediary device between the transmission line and the air, the antenna must have the appropriate properties (match) with pencatu channel.              The antenna is a device used to convert electrical signals into an electromagnetic signal and to radiate. Sectoral antenna is an antenna that transmits and receives signals in accordance with the angle of the transmit sector. The antenna used is a 3-sector antenna with a combination of Distributed Control System.

The microwave system is a system of transmitting and receiving microwave frequency is very high. The microwave system used for communication between the BTS or BTS-BSC.Microwave System that is used is the indoor system. But still attached microwave antenna tower. In antenna Microwave (MW) Radio, which looks like a tambourine drum, it includes the type of high performance antenna. Usually there are two brands, namely Andrew and RFS. The distinctive feature of this high performance antenna is shaped like a drum, and there is a lid, called a radome. Among other functions radome to protect the antenna components, from the surrounding climate change.

lightning rod
The lightning rod is a kind of circuit lines functioned as a way for the lightning to the earth's surface, without damaging the objects in its path.
lights
The lights are devices that can convert electrical energy into light energy. Lamps used for lighting around the neighborhood BTS
2) Shelter
BTS Shelter is a place that there are telecommunication devices. For location, usually will not be much of a Tower or Tower because of the dependence of a function between them, namely shelter and BTS Tower.
Components in the shelter:
At one shelter there are RBS and RBS 2G 3G, 1 RBS there are 6 and 1 TRU TRU 2 TRx there. TRx is a device that transmits and receives communication signals from / to the device mobile. TRx device consists of Transmitter and Receiver
transmission
Device used to regulate traffic on the slot BTS. connecting of TRx to boia is Processor BTS (Base band with the same shape, but has a connecting port for maintenance)
rectifier
Rectifier as a rectifier voltage of the AC voltage coming from PLN converted into DC voltage for consumption of other devices. There are 2 modules, each module supplies 30 Amperes, voltage used in the base stations is -48 Vdc
AC (Air Conditioner)
AC is a component / equipment used to regulate the temperature, circulation, humidity and air cleanliness in the room
   PDB (Power Distribution Board)
Be a box containing MCB / power switches for each device
lights
For members lighting around the BTS.
Power Distribution Box

To distribute / distribute electrical current to the various components used in the BTS
Ground

serves to reduce or avoid hazards caused by lightning danger tinggi.misalnya voltage with high voltage
conclusion
Cellular technology is Wireless telecommunications system (without cable) that uses radio waves as its carrier signal with a hexagon-shaped cells, where the technology is on the BTS (Base Transceiver Station), the main component is that of the BTS tower and shelter where the two parts of the also has many components. In addition, BTS has different specifications and capacities in terms of the use of components and power he uses and we have tried to analyze the BTS, as explained above

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cable networking

In computer networking technology, cable networking is the most important component in a network because he serves as a media liaison. In OSI Layer wires running / working on Layer 1 (Physical Layer). Copper cable consists of 4 types: UTP, STP, and coaxial ScTP
UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair

UTP may be cited as the lowest category in the type of twisted pair cable. prior to the development of 10Base-T technology, UTP cable is unable to accommodate the data up to 10Mbps. UTP cable is now able to accommodate up to 100 Mbps of data. In July 1999, the IEEE approved standard for 1000Base-T UTP cable, UTP cable, which means the data can accommodate up to 1000 Mbps or Gigabit sized data.
UTP cable can be divided into several categories, namely:
Cat 1: working frequencies <1mhz communication="" eg="" for="" nbsp="" p="" telephone="">Cat 2: working frequency> 4 MHz, used on twisted pair ARCNET system and Apple LocalTalk
Cat 3: working frequency> 16 MHz, digunanakan at 4 Mbps UTP Token Ring, Ethernet 10Base-T, 100 Base-T4 and digital telephone system
Cat 4: working frequency> 20 MHz, used in 16 Mbps Token Ring LAN
Cat 5: working frequency of 100 MHz is used at 100 Mbps network
Cat 5e (enhanced): 5 categoti prepared to serve the data size gigabit
Cat 6: working frequency of 200 MHz, is used to serve data size gigabit
STP : Shielded Twisted Pair

STP was originally developed by IBM as horizontal cabling media. Compared UTP, STP is more resistant to interfence electromagnetic interference (EMI)
ScTP : Screened Twisted Pair

ScTP is the incorporation of UTP and STP technology. ScTP contains 4 pairs of wires 100 ohms. The cables and wires are protected layer of foil amplifier. ScTP also called foil twisted pair (FTP) for the use of this foil layer.
coaxial

Coaxial cable consists of several types, but has a uniformity of design. In the middle there is a single copper wire protected layer of PVC (polyvinyl chloride). These layers are wrapped stranded cable made ​​of copper or aluminum. As the jacket cover rubber coated coaxial cable. Type coaxial cables in general are: RG-59: 75 ohms, for cable TV RG-58: 50 ohms, for thin ehernet RG-11: 50 ohms, for thick Ethernet
fiber Optics

Fiber optic cable is the latest generation of communications technology. This cable uses laser light as an information carrier wave. Optic cable has a service capacity which is much higher than copper wires. Optic cable can serve data up to 200Gbps!

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