Routers work in a manner similar to switches and bridges in that they filter out network traffic. Rather than doing so by packet addresses they filter by specific protocol. Routers were born out of the necessity for dividing networks logically instead of physically. An IP router can divide a network into various subnets so that only traffic destined for particular IP addresses can pass between segments. Routers recalculate the checksum, and rewrite the MAC header of every packet. The price paid for this type of intelligent forwarding and filtering is usually calculated in terms of latency, or the delay that a packet experiences inside the router. Such filtering takes more time than that exercised in a switch or bridge which only looks at the Ethernet address but in more complex networks network efficiency is improved. An additional benefit of routers is their automatic filtering of broadcasts, but overall they are complicated to setup.
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